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Debt - 2/2/2006
Debt is that which is owed. A person or company owing debt is called a debtor. ...
Types of debt - 2/2/2006
There are numerous types of debt obligations. They include loans, bonds, mortgages and promissory notes. ...
Securitization - 2/2/2006
Securitization is a financial technique that pools assets together and, in effect, turns them into a tradeable security ...
Asset-backed security - 2/2/2006
Asset-backed securities (ABS) are bonds backed by a pool of financial assets that cannot easily be traded in their existing form. ...
Collateralized debt obligation - 2/2/2006
A cash flow collateralized debt obligation, or cash flow CDO, is a structured finance product that typically securitizes a diversified pool of debt assets. ...
Mortgage-backed security & its reasons - 2/2/2006
A mortgage-backed security (MBS) is similar to a bond whose cash flows are backed by mortgage payments. ...
Collective investment scheme - 2/2/2006
A collective investment scheme is a way of investing money with other people to participate in a wider range of investments than may be feasible for an individual investor and to share the costs of doing so. ...
Closed-end fund - 2/2/2006
A closed-end fund is a collective investment scheme with a limited number of shares. ...
Mutual fund - 2/2/2006
A Mutual fund is a form of collective investment that pools money from many investors and invests the money in stocks, bonds, short-term money-market instruments, and/or other securities. ...
Usage of Mutual Funds - 2/2/2006
Mutual funds can invest in many different kinds of securities. The most common are cash, stock, and bonds, but there are hundreds of sub-categories. ...
History of Mutual Funds - 2/2/2006
The first open-end mutual fund, Massachusetts Investors Trust was founded on March 21, 1924 and after one year had 200 shareholders and $392,000 in assets. ...
Picking a mutual fund - 2/2/2006
Picking a mutual fund from among the thousands offered is not easy. ...
Criticism of mutual funds - 2/2/2006
The primary criticism of actively managed mutual funds comes from the historical fact that, over long periods of time, most have not returned as much buying an index fund. ...
Investment trust - 2/2/2006
Investment trusts are companies that invest in the shares of other companies. ...
Income trust - 2/2/2006
An income trust is an investment trust that holds income-producing assets. ...
Types of income trusts - 2/2/2006
There are three types of income trusts which is mentioned herein. ...
Investor risks in Income trust - 2/2/2006
Income trusts are equity investments, not fixed income securities, and they share many of the risks inherent in stock ownership. ...
Royalty trust - 2/2/2006
A royalty trust is a type of corporation usually involved in mining. ...
Real estate investment trust - 2/2/2006
A real estate investment trust or REIT (rhymes with treat) is a tax designation for a corporation investing in real estate that reduces or eliminates corporate income taxes. ...
Open-end fund - 2/2/2006
An open-end(ed) fund is a collective investment which can issue and redeem shares at any time. ...
Exchange-traded fund - 2/2/2006
Exchange-traded funds (or ETFs) are open-ended collective investment schemes, traded as shares on most global stock exchanges. ...
ETFs vs. open-ended funds - 2/2/2006
An advantage of mutual funds is that they have lower costs if you only invest a little bit of money, or invest small monthly or quarterly amounts. ...
Financial intermediary - 2/2/2006
The term financial intermediary may refer to an institution, firm or individual who performs intermediation between two or more parties in a financial context. ...
Fixed capital - 2/2/2006
Fixed capital is a concept in economics and accounting, first theoretically analysed in some depth by the economist David Ricardo. ...
Capital accumulation - 2/2/2006
Most generally, the accumulation of capital refers simply to the gathering or amassment of objects of value; the increase in wealth; or the creation of wealth. ...
Culture of capitalism - 2/2/2006
A Culture of Capitalism is a term used to refer to the lifestyle of the people living within a capitalist nation, or the international influence of such a nation on others. ...
Gross fixed capital formation - 2/2/2006
Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) is a macroeconomic concept used in official national accounts since the 1930s. ...
Intermediate consumption - 2/2/2006
Intermediate consumption is an economic concept used in national accounts, such as the United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA) and the US National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA). ...
Criticism of Intermediate consumption - 2/2/2006
One criticism that is made of official national accounts in respect of intermediate consumption concerns the treatment of income from rents, especially business rents. ...
Gross Output - 2/2/2006
Gross Output is an economic concept used in national accounts such as the United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA) and the US National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA). ...
Value added - 2/2/2006
Value added refers to the additional value created at a particular stage of production or through image and marketing. ...
Accumulation by dispossession - 2/2/2006
Accumulation by dispossession is a concept presented by the marxist academic David Harvey, which define the neoliberal changes in many western nations from the 1970s and to the present day, as being guided by mainly four practices. ...
Unequal exchange - 2/2/2006
Unequal exchange is a concept used in Marxian economics to denote forms of exploitation which commercial trade of any type can involve, if objects of unequal value are being exchanged or traded. ...
Illustrations of unequal exchange - 2/2/2006
There are five illustrations. ...
Empirical indicators of unequal exchange - 2/2/2006
There are six empirical indicators. ...
Criticisms of the concept of unequal exchange - 2/2/2006
The first criticism of the concept of unequal exchange is that, even although it may be proved to occur, this of itself has no specific moral or policy implication. ...
Fair trade - 2/2/2006
The fair trade movement, also known as the trade justice movement, promotes international labour, environment and social standards for the production of traded goods and services. ...
Fair trade versus free trade - 2/2/2006
In the past, suggestions that "unfair" goods be taxed, or that standards such as those from the ILO, be required in order for countries to participate in international trade, have led to heavy criticism by advocates of free trade. ...
Balanced trade - 2/2/2006
Balanced trade is an alternative economic model to free trade. ...
Rate of exploitation - 2/2/2006
The rate of exploitation is a concept in Marxian political economy. ...
Criticism of Rate of exploitation - 2/2/2006
Several important criticisms have been made of Marx's concept from different sides ...
Globalization - 2/2/2006
Globalization is the term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that result from dramatically increased international trade and cultural exchange. ...
History of Globalization - 2/2/2006
Since the word has both technical and political meanings, different groups will have differing histories of "globalization". ...
Nature and existence of globalization - 2/2/2006
There is much academic discussion about whether globalization is a real phenomenon or only an analytical artifact (a myth). Although the term is widespread, many authors argue that the characteristics attributed to globalization have already been seen at other moments in history. ...
Measurement of Globalization - 2/2/2006
To what extent a nation-state or culture is globalized in a particular year has until most recently been measured employing simple proxies like flows of trade, migration, or foreign direct investment. ...
Credit Report - 2/1/2006
Credit history or credit report is a record of an individual's or company's past borrowing and repaying, including information about late payments and bankruptcy. ...
How to improve your credit rating - 2/1/2006
There are many ways to improve credit rating which are mentioned herein. ...
How to restrict companies from accessing your credit history - 2/1/2006
In the USA, conditions for credit reports are set in § 1681b. Subsections (a)(3)(A) and (c)(1)(B) allow companies to obtain such information e.g. if they plan to send pre-approved credit cards. ...
Adverse Credit History - 2/1/2006
Adverse Credit History is a credit history that is judged as being adverse as the applicant has a history of unsatisfactory credit transactions. ...
Credit rating agency - 2/1/2006
A credit rating agency is a company that rates the ability of a person or company to pay back a loan. ...
Social Benefits of Credit Rating Agencies & Criticisms of Credit Rating Agencies - 2/1/2006
The benefits and criticism is mentioned herein. ...
Credit reference agency in UK & USA - 2/1/2006
A Credit reference agency (credit reporting agency in the USA) is an organisation that collects and collates personal financial data on individuals, from financial institutions with which they have a relationship. ...
The FICO score - 2/1/2006
FICO, an acronym for Fair Isaac Corporation (traded publicly under the symbol FIC) often refers to the best-known credit score in the United States which is calculated using mathematical formulae developed by this company. ...
Makeup of the FICO score - 2/1/2006
FICO scores and its variants are designed to measure the risk of default, by taking into account various factors. ...
Credit counseling & its History - 2/1/2006
Credit Counseling is a process offering education to consumers about how to use credit appropriately to avoid incurring debts that cannot be repaid. ...
Criticism of credit counseling - 2/1/2006
With the sharp increase of credit counseling activity in the early 1990’s, abuses by certain credit counseling organizations led to criticism of the entire industry. ...
Bankruptcy in the United States - 2/1/2006
Bankruptcy in the United States is a matter placed under Federal jurisdiction by the United States Constitution (in Article 1, Section 8), which allows Congress to enact "uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States […]". ...
Chapters of the bankruptcy code - 2/1/2006
There are several types of proceedings that fit under the general category of bankruptcy. Title 11 has multiple chapters, some of which provide different procedures available for debt resolution. ...
Features of U.S. bankruptcy law - 2/1/2006
There are two Features of U.S. bankruptcy law which are mentoined herein. ...
Bankruptcy crimes - 2/1/2006
In the United States, criminal provisions relating to bankruptcy fraud and other bankruptcy crimes are found in sections 151 through 158 of Title 18 of the United States Code. ...
Fair Credit Reporting Act - 2/1/2006
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) is an American federal law (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq.) that regulates the collection, dissemination, and use of consumer credit information. ...
Identity theft - 2/1/2006
Identity theft (or identity fraud) is the deliberate assumption of another person's identity, usually to gain access to their finances or frame them for a crime. ...
Country dependence & Consequences of identity theft - 2/1/2006
It seems that the prevalence of identity theft and the seriousness of typical cases is quite dependent on the country and the legal system and commercial habits there. ...
Increase and contributing factors of identity theft - 2/1/2006
Instances of identity theft have increased as the willingness of lenders like issuers of credit cards to extend credit without physical human contact, the ability to transact sales and other business at a distance (online and via telephone), and the availability of personal information, and its volume held by third parties, has increased. ...
Precautions against identity theft - 2/1/2006
Rigorous research has shown that the following methods will be most effective at preventing identity theft or fraud. ...
In Popular Culture - 2/1/2006
The public fascination with impostors has long had an effect on popular culture and extends to modern literature. ...
Identity document forgery - 2/1/2006
Identity document forgery is the process by which identity documents issued by governing bodies are copied and/or modified by persons not authorized to create such documents or engage in such modifications, for the purpose of deceiving those who would view the documents about the identity or status of the bearer. ...
Identity document & its types - 2/1/2006
An identity document is a piece of documentation designed to prove the identity of the person carrying it. ...
Arguments in favor of identity cards - 2/1/2006
Argumentation about identity cards is largely limited to anglo-saxonic common-law countries. In most countries where an ID system is present, it is seen as a commonplace item that nobody argues about. ...
Arguments against the identity cards - 2/1/2006
Economic and social liberals have a generally negative attitude towards identity cards,(as do non-liberals and people from a wide spectrum of political opinions) on the principle that if society already works adequately without them, they should not be imposed by government, on the principle that "the government that governs best, governs least". ...
British national identity card - 2/1/2006
After many years of discussion through successive governments, in 2003 then British Home Secretary David Blunkett announced that the government intends to introduce a British national identity card linked to a national identity database, the National Identity Register, which ID card detractors fear will track all residents of the UK throughout their lives. ...
France national identity card - 2/1/2006
France has had a French national identity card since 1940, when it helped the Vichy autorities identify 76,000 for deportation as part of the Holocaust. ...
United States national identity card - 2/1/2006
There is no true national identity card in the United States of America, in the sense that there is no federal agency with nationwide jurisdiction that directly issues such cards to all American citizens. ...
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act - 2/1/2006
The U.S. Congress enacted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in 1996. ...
HIPAA Electronic Data Interchange (HIPAA/EDI) - 2/1/2006
The HIPAA/EDI provision was scheduled to take effect October 16, 2003 with a one-year extension for certain "small plans"; however, due to widespread confusion and difficulty in implementing the rule, CMS granted a one-year extension to all parties. ...
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